Can AI Really Read and Understand Visual Data?

In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has made tremendous progress in processing and understanding visual data. However, despite these advancements, researchers have discovered significant limitations in AI's ability to truly "read" and comprehend visual information. A series of new studies tackles these limitations, introducing innovative solutions to improve multimodal large language models, topology optimization, and uncertainty-aware policy steering.

One of the primary challenges in AI's visual understanding is the "modality laziness" of multimodal large language models (MLLMs). According to research published in the paper "SimpleOCR: Rendering Visualized Questions to Teach MLLMs to Read," MLLMs often rely on parametric shortcuts in text prompts rather than genuinely reading text embedded in images. To address this issue, the researchers propose SimpleOCR, a plug-and-play training strategy that imposes a structural constraint on the learning process. By transforming training samples into a visualized-question format with randomized styles, SimpleOCR helps bridge the capability-utilization gap in MLLMs.

Another area where AI's visual understanding is limited is topology optimization. Despite producing high-performance structures, topology optimization can be brittle, and late-stage localized revisions can be challenging. Researchers have developed TopoEdit, a fast post-optimization editor that demonstrates how structured latent embeddings from a pre-trained topology foundation model can be repurposed as an interface for physics-aware engineering edits. TopoEdit encodes optimized topology into a spatial latent, applies partial noising to preserve instance identity, and injects user intent through an edit-then-denoise diffusion pipeline.

In addition to addressing limitations in MLLMs and topology optimization, researchers have also made significant progress in uncertainty-aware policy steering. According to the paper "When to Act, Ask, or Learn: Uncertainty-Aware Policy Steering," policy steering is an emerging way to adapt robot behaviors at deployment-time. However, existing frameworks often assume that vision-language models (VLMs) are well-calibrated, which can lead to degraded steering performance under high-level semantic uncertainty and low-level action uncertainty. The researchers propose uncertainty-aware policy steering (UPS), a framework that jointly reasons about semantic task uncertainty and low-level action feasibility, and selects an uncertainty resolution strategy.

Furthermore, researchers have also explored the application of AI in speech reconstruction and conformal prediction. In the paper "mmWave Radar Aware Dual-Conditioned GAN for Speech Reconstruction of Signals With Low SNR," researchers propose a two-stage speech reconstruction pipeline for mmWave using a Radar-Aware Dual-conditioned Generative Adversarial Network (RAD-GAN). This approach enables the reconstruction of intelligible full-bandwidth speech from band-limited and noisy mmWave radar captures. Another study, "LoBoost: Fast Model-Native Local Conformal Prediction for Gradient-Boosted Trees," introduces LoBoost, a model-native local conformal method that reuses the fitted ensemble's leaf structure to define multiscale calibration groups. This approach provides distribution-free marginal coverage without requiring retraining, auxiliary models, or extra data splits.

In conclusion, recent research has highlighted significant limitations in AI's ability to process and understand visual data. However, these studies also demonstrate the potential for innovation and improvement in multimodal large language models, topology optimization, uncertainty-aware policy steering, speech reconstruction, and conformal prediction. As AI continues to evolve, it is essential to address these limitations and develop more sophisticated and accurate visual understanding capabilities.

Sources:

• SimpleOCR: Rendering Visualized Questions to Teach MLLMs to Read (arXiv:2602.22426v1)
• TopoEdit: Fast Post-Optimization Editing of Topology Optimized Structures (arXiv:2602.22430v1)
• mmWave Radar Aware Dual-Conditioned GAN for Speech Reconstruction of Signals With Low SNR (arXiv:2602.22431v1)
• LoBoost: Fast Model-Native Local Conformal Prediction for Gradient-Boosted Trees (arXiv:2602.22432v1)
• When to Act, Ask, or Learn: Uncertainty-Aware Policy Steering (arXiv:2602.22474v1)